Table 8 Causes of parturient mortality (%) in dairy calves by calving assistance category
| Cause of calf death (%) | Unobserved calving | Observed, no calving assistance | Easy calving assistance | Moderate calving difficulty | Severe calving difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maldisposition | 0 | 2 | 18 | 29 | 28 |
| Bradytocia | 21 | 14 | 30 | 26 | 24 |
| Congenital defects | 8 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 18 |
| Eutoxia | 23 | 33 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| Infections | 8 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 7 |
| Other | 29 | 44 | 22 | 27 | 16 |
| No significant findings | 11 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 7 |